Annotated Bibliography
Bynum, W.F. http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/broughttolife/people/josephlister.aspx.
Science Museum: Exploring the History of Medicine. London, England.
2007.
The main idea of this website is to inform the audience about the
works of Joseph Lister, who is considered the“Father of Modern Surgery and
Antiseptics”. An example in the website that is used to get the main idea across
is how the creator of the website discusses how Lister found out that sanitary
surroundings could lead to patients after surgery not dying from an infection.
Another example used in the website is with the advances of ether in the time
period anesthesia allowed surgeons to perform operations at a steady pace and
could use more precision. The creator of the website is a natural sciences
professor at Ohio State University. The key bias in the source is that Joseph
Lister and his work of creating sanitary surroundings during surgery saved
millions of lives because post surgery patients would not die from an infection.
This source will be used to discuss the discoveries made by Joseph Lister and
how he effectively saved lives by preventing infections that would develop in
the wounds of post surgery patients. This source made it clear that the advances
in ether and anesthesia made by John Snow in the time period Lister was
researching was crucial to his findings because the anesthesia gave surgeons
longer time to perform on their unconscious patients.
Farmer, Laurence. “Master Surgeon: A Biography of Joseph Lister”.
Harper Publishing Company. Des
Moines, Iowa. 1962.
The main idea of this biography is to inform the audience about
the works and life of Joseph Lister, who was an English scientist that made a
very significant impact on modern surgery. An example used in the biography is
how Joseph Lister spent most of his life researching with his wife Agnes Syme.
Although when his wife passed away Lister retired from his scientific career.
Another example used in the biography is Lister’s younger life an up-bringing.
He was raised in a house of scientists, his father created the first achromatic
microscope in 1830. The author of this biography is a history professor at the
University of Iowa. There is no key bias in the source because it is a biography
that portrays the life of the English scientist Joseph Lister. This source will
be used to discuss the early life and up-bringing of Lister. It will also be
used to discuss the societal beliefs in England during the time period Lister
was conducting his research. This source made it clear that Lister and his wife
dedicated their lives to scientific research until Lister’s wife passed
away.
Gaw, Jerry L. “A Time to Heal: The Diffusion of Listerism in
Victorian Britain”. Diane
Publishing
Company. Nashville, Tennessee.
1999.
The main idea of this book is to inform the audience of the
societal beliefs during the time period that Joseph Lister was conducting his
research on antiseptics and surgery. An example used in the book is when the
author discusses how before Joseph Lister made his advances in surgery and
antiseptics patients who went into surgery came out with a fifty percent death
rate due to infections sustained during the procedure. Another example in the
book is when the author discusses how the miasma theory was the more accepted
theory during the time period of Lister’s work rather than the germ theory. The
author is a history professor at Lipscomb University in Tennessee. The bias in
the book is that it was hard for society to change their beliefs from the miasma
theory to the germ theory. This source will be used to explain the societal
beliefs before and during the time period of Joseph Lister’s work and advances
in antiseptics and surgery. This
source made it clear that Lister’s works were not accepted for awhile because of
the miasma theory. Over time Lister proved that the germ theory was the most
accurate theory with his advances in antiseptics.
Metchnikoff, Elie. “The Founders of Modern Medicine; Pasteur,
Koch, Lister”. Books for
Libraries Press. Freeport, New York. 1939.
The main idea of this book is to inform the audience of the
advances in modern medicine made by the scientists Pasteur, Koch, and Joseph
Lister. An example used in the book is when the author discusses how Joseph
Lister used carbolic acid to ward off infections that would normally kill its
victims after surgery. Another example used in the book is how Lister noticed
that fewer infections occurred when there were cleaner surroundings. The author
of this source was a Russian biologist who studied natural sciences at the
University of Kharkoff. The author lived to see all of the findings and
discoveries of Joseph Lister and the bias is that Lister was correct that about
the germ theory and how infections started due to unsanitary conditions. This
source will be used to discuss the scientific advances made in the time period
of Joseph Lister such as the advance in ether by John Snow which made surgery
easier because surgeons had a longer time to focus on their patients while they
went unconscious. This source made it clear that Lister was lucky to have other
advances being made in the same time period as
him.
Traux, Rhoda. “Joseph Lister: Father of Modern Surgery”. Bobbs Merrill. Indianapolis,
Indiana.
1994.
The main idea of this book is to discuss the advances made by Joseph Lister in the
scientific field of surgery. An example used in the book is the procedures
Lister instructed his surgeon students to follow such as wearing gloves,
cleaning their instruments, and washing their hands before and after the surgery
with a five percent carbolic acid mixture. Another example used in the book is
how Lister decided to expose the open wounds of surgery patients to acid to kill
germs. Lister read the works of Pasteur on micro-organisms and decided to
experiment with using the proposed technique of using chemicals on open wounds.
The author of this source is an anatomy professor at the University of Indiana
State. The bias in this book is that Joseph Lister and his works of exposing
open wounds to chemicals was effective in warding off infections although the
chemicals would burn the skin of the patients. This source will be used to
discuss what Joseph Lister proposed for other surgeons to do to be successful
and have their patients survive the surgery and to survive after the surgery
without getting an infection. This source made it clear that the works of Joseph
Lister were ground breaking and most of the techniques that Lister proposed
during his time period are still used today in modern
operations.
Bynum, W.F. http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/broughttolife/people/josephlister.aspx.
Science Museum: Exploring the History of Medicine. London, England.
2007.
The main idea of this website is to inform the audience about the
works of Joseph Lister, who is considered the“Father of Modern Surgery and
Antiseptics”. An example in the website that is used to get the main idea across
is how the creator of the website discusses how Lister found out that sanitary
surroundings could lead to patients after surgery not dying from an infection.
Another example used in the website is with the advances of ether in the time
period anesthesia allowed surgeons to perform operations at a steady pace and
could use more precision. The creator of the website is a natural sciences
professor at Ohio State University. The key bias in the source is that Joseph
Lister and his work of creating sanitary surroundings during surgery saved
millions of lives because post surgery patients would not die from an infection.
This source will be used to discuss the discoveries made by Joseph Lister and
how he effectively saved lives by preventing infections that would develop in
the wounds of post surgery patients. This source made it clear that the advances
in ether and anesthesia made by John Snow in the time period Lister was
researching was crucial to his findings because the anesthesia gave surgeons
longer time to perform on their unconscious patients.
Farmer, Laurence. “Master Surgeon: A Biography of Joseph Lister”.
Harper Publishing Company. Des
Moines, Iowa. 1962.
The main idea of this biography is to inform the audience about
the works and life of Joseph Lister, who was an English scientist that made a
very significant impact on modern surgery. An example used in the biography is
how Joseph Lister spent most of his life researching with his wife Agnes Syme.
Although when his wife passed away Lister retired from his scientific career.
Another example used in the biography is Lister’s younger life an up-bringing.
He was raised in a house of scientists, his father created the first achromatic
microscope in 1830. The author of this biography is a history professor at the
University of Iowa. There is no key bias in the source because it is a biography
that portrays the life of the English scientist Joseph Lister. This source will
be used to discuss the early life and up-bringing of Lister. It will also be
used to discuss the societal beliefs in England during the time period Lister
was conducting his research. This source made it clear that Lister and his wife
dedicated their lives to scientific research until Lister’s wife passed
away.
Gaw, Jerry L. “A Time to Heal: The Diffusion of Listerism in
Victorian Britain”. Diane
Publishing
Company. Nashville, Tennessee.
1999.
The main idea of this book is to inform the audience of the
societal beliefs during the time period that Joseph Lister was conducting his
research on antiseptics and surgery. An example used in the book is when the
author discusses how before Joseph Lister made his advances in surgery and
antiseptics patients who went into surgery came out with a fifty percent death
rate due to infections sustained during the procedure. Another example in the
book is when the author discusses how the miasma theory was the more accepted
theory during the time period of Lister’s work rather than the germ theory. The
author is a history professor at Lipscomb University in Tennessee. The bias in
the book is that it was hard for society to change their beliefs from the miasma
theory to the germ theory. This source will be used to explain the societal
beliefs before and during the time period of Joseph Lister’s work and advances
in antiseptics and surgery. This
source made it clear that Lister’s works were not accepted for awhile because of
the miasma theory. Over time Lister proved that the germ theory was the most
accurate theory with his advances in antiseptics.
Metchnikoff, Elie. “The Founders of Modern Medicine; Pasteur,
Koch, Lister”. Books for
Libraries Press. Freeport, New York. 1939.
The main idea of this book is to inform the audience of the
advances in modern medicine made by the scientists Pasteur, Koch, and Joseph
Lister. An example used in the book is when the author discusses how Joseph
Lister used carbolic acid to ward off infections that would normally kill its
victims after surgery. Another example used in the book is how Lister noticed
that fewer infections occurred when there were cleaner surroundings. The author
of this source was a Russian biologist who studied natural sciences at the
University of Kharkoff. The author lived to see all of the findings and
discoveries of Joseph Lister and the bias is that Lister was correct that about
the germ theory and how infections started due to unsanitary conditions. This
source will be used to discuss the scientific advances made in the time period
of Joseph Lister such as the advance in ether by John Snow which made surgery
easier because surgeons had a longer time to focus on their patients while they
went unconscious. This source made it clear that Lister was lucky to have other
advances being made in the same time period as
him.
Traux, Rhoda. “Joseph Lister: Father of Modern Surgery”. Bobbs Merrill. Indianapolis,
Indiana.
1994.
The main idea of this book is to discuss the advances made by Joseph Lister in the
scientific field of surgery. An example used in the book is the procedures
Lister instructed his surgeon students to follow such as wearing gloves,
cleaning their instruments, and washing their hands before and after the surgery
with a five percent carbolic acid mixture. Another example used in the book is
how Lister decided to expose the open wounds of surgery patients to acid to kill
germs. Lister read the works of Pasteur on micro-organisms and decided to
experiment with using the proposed technique of using chemicals on open wounds.
The author of this source is an anatomy professor at the University of Indiana
State. The bias in this book is that Joseph Lister and his works of exposing
open wounds to chemicals was effective in warding off infections although the
chemicals would burn the skin of the patients. This source will be used to
discuss what Joseph Lister proposed for other surgeons to do to be successful
and have their patients survive the surgery and to survive after the surgery
without getting an infection. This source made it clear that the works of Joseph
Lister were ground breaking and most of the techniques that Lister proposed
during his time period are still used today in modern
operations.